*MOST BLACK AFRICANS ARE SUFFERING FROM
MENTAL DISORDER – PPD AND DD*
By Uwagboe Ogieva
6th Of December, 2019
Extract:
*PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER (PPD)*
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
is a mental illness characterized by paranoid delusions,
and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and
generalized mistrust of others. People with
this personality disorder may be hypersensitive, easily
insulted, and habitually relate to the world by vigilant scanning of
the environment for clues or suggestions that may validate their
fears or biases. They are eager observers. They think they are in
danger and look for signs and threats of that danger, potentially not
appreciating other interpretations or evidence.
They tend to be guarded and suspicious
and have quite constricted emotional lives. Their reduced capacity
for meaningful emotional involvement and the general pattern
of isolated withdrawal often lend a quality
of schizoid isolation to their life experience. People with
PPD may have a tendency to bear grudges, suspiciousness, tendency to
interpret others' actions as hostile, persistent tendency to
self-reference, or a tenacious sense of personal right. Patients with
this disorder can also have significant comorbidity with
other personality disorders (such as schizotypal, schizoid,
narcissistic, avoidant and borderline)
A genetic contribution to paranoid
traits and a possible genetic link between this personality disorder
and schizophrenia exist. A large long-term Norwegian twin
study found paranoid personality disorder to be modestly
heritable and to share a portion of its genetic and environmental
risk factors with the other cluster A personality
disorders, schizoid and schizotypal.
Psychosocial theories implicate
projection of negative internal feelings and parental modeling.
Cognitive theorists believe the disorder to be a result of an
underlying belief that other people are unfriendly in combination
with a lack in self-awareness.
The World Health
Organization's ICD-10 lists paranoid personality
disorder under (F60.0). It is a requirement of ICD-10
that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies
a set of general personality disorder criteria. It is also
pointed out that for different cultures it may be necessary to
develop specific sets of criteria with regard to social norms, rules
and other obligations.
*PPD is characterized by at least three
of the following symptoms:*
- excessive sensitivity to setbacks and rebuffs;*
- tendency to bear grudges persistently (i.e. refusal to forgive insults and injuries or slights);
- suspiciousness and a pervasive tendency to distort experience by misconstruing the neutral or friendly actions of others as hostile or contemptuous;
- a combative and tenacious sense of self-righteousness out of keeping with the actual situation;
- recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding sexual fidelity of spouse or sexual partner;
- tendency to experience excessive self-aggrandizing, manifest in a persistent self-referential attitude;
- preoccupation with unsubstantiated "conspiratorial" explanations of events both immediate to the patient and in the world at large.
*These Includes*: expansive
paranoid, fanatic, querulant and sensitive paranoid
personality disorder.*
*DELUSIONAL DISORDER (DD)*
Delusional disorder is a mental
illness in which the patient presents delusions, but with
no accompanying prominent hallucinations, thought disorder, mood
disorder, or significant flattening of affect. Delusions are a
specific symptom of psychosis. Delusions can be "bizarre"
or "non-bizarre" in content; non-bizarre delusions are
fixed false beliefs that involve situations that occur in real life,
such as being harmed or poisoned. Apart from their delusion or
delusions, people with delusional disorder may continue to socialize
and function in a normal manner and their behavior does not
necessarily generally seem odd. However, the preoccupation with
delusional ideas can be disruptive to their overall lives.
For the diagnosis to be made, auditory
and visual hallucinations cannot be prominent, though olfactory or
tactile hallucinations related to the content of the delusion may be
present. The delusions cannot be due to the effects of
a drug, medication, or general medical condition, and
delusional disorder cannot be diagnosed in an individual previously
properly diagnosed with schizophrenia. A person with delusional
disorder may be high functioning in daily life. Recent and
comprehensive meta-analyses of scientific studies point to an
association between a deterioration in aspects of IQ in
psychotic patients, in particular perceptual reasoning.
According to German psychiatrist Emil
Kraepelin, patients with delusional disorder remain coherent,
sensible and reasonable.The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM) defines six subtypes of the disorder
characterized as erotomanic (believes that someone is in
love with them), grandiose (believes that they are the
greatest, strongest, fastest, richest, or most intelligent person
ever), jealous (believes that the love partner is cheating on
them), persecutory (delusions that the person or someone to
whom the person is close is being malevolently treated in some way),
somatic (believes that they have a disease or medical condition), and
mixed, i.e., having features of more than one subtype. Delusions
also occur as symptoms of many other mental disorders, especially the
other psychotic disorders.
The DSM-IV, and psychologists agree
that personal beliefs should be evaluated with great respect to
cultural and religious differences, since some cultures have widely
accepted beliefs that may be considered delusional in other cultures.
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